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Responses to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases: One world, One health

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第1期页码 1-2 doi: 10.1007/s11684-018-0619-y

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Landscape of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in China: impact of ecology, climate, and behavior

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第1期页码 3-22 doi: 10.1007/s11684-017-0605-9

摘要：

For the past several decades, the infectious disease profile in China has been shifting with rapid developments in social and economic aspects, environment, quality of food, water, housing, and public health infrastructure. Notably, 5 notifiable infectious diseases have been almost eradicated, and the incidence of 18 additional notifiable infectious diseases has been significantly reduced. Unexpectedly, the incidence of over 10 notifiable infectious diseases, including HIV, brucellosis, syphilis, and dengue fever, has been increasing. Nevertheless, frequent infectious disease outbreaks/events have been reported almost every year, and imported infectious diseases have increased since 2015. New pathogens and over 100 new genotypes or serotypes of known pathogens have been identified. Some infectious diseases seem to be exacerbated by various factors, including rapid urbanization, large numbers of migrant workers, changes in climate, ecology, and policies, such as returning farmland to forests. This review summarizes the current experiences and lessons from China in managing emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, especially the effects of ecology, climate, and behavior, which should have merits in helping other countries to control and prevent infectious diseases.

关键词： infectious disease profile emerging infectious diseases influence factor

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triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-1 (sTREM-1): a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of infectiousdiseases

Changlin Cao, Jingxian Gu, Jingyao Zhang

《医学前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第2期页码 169-177 doi: 10.1007/s11684-017-0505-z

摘要： Sensitive and useful biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of infectious diseases have been widely developed. An example of these biomarkers is triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-1 (TREM-1), which is a cell surface receptor expressed on monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils. TREM-1 amplifies inflammation by activating the TREM-1/DAP12 pathway. This pathway is triggered by the interaction of TREM-1 with ligands or stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Consequently, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are secreted. Soluble TREM-1 (sTREM-1) is a special form of TREM-1 that can be directly tested in human body fluids and well-known biomarker for infectious diseases. sTREM-1 level can be potentially used for the early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of some infectious diseases, including infectious pleural effusion, lung infections, sepsis, bacterial meningitis, viral infections (e.g., Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever and dengue fever), fungal infections (e.g., infection), and burn-related infections. sTREM-1 is a more sensitive and specific biomarker than traditional indices, such as C-reactive protein and procalcitonin levels, for these infectious diseases. Therefore, sTREM-1 is a feasible biomarker for the targeted therapy and rapid and early diagnosis of infectious diseases.

关键词： soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 infectious diseases diagnosis and prognosis biomarker

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Unusual global outbreak of monkeypox: what should we do?

《医学前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第4期页码 507-517 doi: 10.1007/s11684-022-0952-z

摘要： Recently, monkeypox has become a global concern amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Monkeypox is an acute rash zoonosis caused by the monkeypox virus, which was previously concentrated in Africa. The re-emergence of this pathogen seems unusual on account of outbreaks in multiple nonendemic countries and the incline to spread from person to person. We need to revisit this virus to prevent the epidemic from getting worse. In this review, we comprehensively summarize studies on monkeypox, including its epidemiology, biological characteristics, pathogenesis, and clinical characteristics, as well as therapeutics and vaccines, highlighting its unusual outbreak attributed to the transformation of transmission. We also analyze the present situation and put forward countermeasures from both clinical and scientific research to address it.

关键词： monkeypox poxviruses vaccine infectious diseases

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Nucleic acid-based diagnostics for infectious diseases in public health affairs

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第2期页码 173-186 doi: 10.1007/s11684-012-0195-5

摘要：

Infectious diseases, mostly caused by bacteria and viruses but also a result of fungal and parasitic infection, have been one of the most important public health concerns throughout human history. The first step in combating these pathogens is to get a timely and accurate diagnosis at an affordable cost. Many kinds of diagnostics have been developed, such as pathogen culture, biochemical tests and serological tests, to help detect and fight against the causative agents of diseases. However, these diagnostic tests are generally unsatisfactory because they are not particularly sensitive and specific and are unable to deliver speedy results. Nucleic acid-based diagnostics, detecting pathogens through the identification of their genomic sequences, have shown promise to overcome the above limitations and become more widely adopted in clinical tests. Here we review some of the most popular nucleic acid-based diagnostics and focus on their adaptability and applicability to routine clinical usage. We also compare and contrast the characteristics of different types of nucleic acid-based diagnostics.

关键词： nucleic acid-based diagnostics infectious disease PCR NASBA LAMP microarray LOAC public health affairs

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我国感染病学发展战略研究

李兰娟,张伯礼,徐建国,杜维波,肖永红,马伟杭,张建中,张俊华

《中国工程科学》 2017年第19卷第2期页码 37-42 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2017.02.006

摘要：

当前，开展我国感染病发展战略研究，提出适宜我国国情的感染病学科体系与防控研究战略对促进我国社会和谐稳定和经济持续发展具有重要意义。本文分析了我国感染病流行与防控现状，系统阐述了开展我国感染病发展战略研究的意义；同时参考国际上感染病学科体系建设及防控研究经验，结合我国感染病学科体系与防控研究取得的成就与面临的挑战，提出了我国感染病学科体系与防控研究战略举措及建议。

关键词：感染病学科建设防控体系战略建议

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人类活动导致的生态屏障破坏对人类健康造成致命威胁 Review

张大奕, 杨云锋, 李淼, 陆韻, 刘毅, 蒋靖坤, 刘锐平, 刘建国, 黄霞, 李广贺, 曲久辉

《工程（英文）》 2022年第10卷第3期页码 155-166 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.11.002

摘要：

近期暴发的新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情与21 世纪以来多次暴发的新兴传染病疫情吸引了全球关注。这些新兴传染病对全球公共健康构成威胁，促生了大量针对病毒从动物到人类社会传播机制的研究。尽管已有许多研究论述了新兴传染病如何突破物种屏障和地理屏障传播的现象，但对于物种屏障和地理屏障在野生动物栖息地中存在的协同作用仍不清晰。尚未有针对病毒在生态系统中扩散、迁移和传播机制的系统性研究。为此，本文提出了生态屏障的新概念，综合了物种屏障和地理屏障概念中自然和中间宿主对病毒传播的影响，系统讨论了影响病毒突破生态屏障，实现传染病从野生动物到人群传播的多个关键影响因素，包括传播途径、接触概率、接触频率和病毒特征等。针对人类活动和全球化进程对生态屏障强度的显著影响，本文也分析了人类活动削弱生态屏障的机制，包括全球气候变化可以诱发和扩大新兴传染病的范围，人类活动可以增加病毒与人类社会的接触频率和进入人群的传播概率，全球化还会在城市中形成新的高风险区域等。本文阐明了生态屏障阻碍病毒感染人群的传播机制，相关结论为保护生态屏障、降低新兴传染病传播风险和保障公共安全提供了理论支撑。

关键词：新兴传染病病毒生态屏障

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Human monoclonal antibodies as candidate therapeutics against emerging viruses

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第4期页码 462-470 doi: 10.1007/s11684-017-0596-6

摘要：

The emergence of new pathogens, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Ebola virus, poses serious challenges to global public health and highlights the urgent need for novel antiviral approaches. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been successfully used to treat various diseases, particularly cancer and immunological disorders. Antigen-specific mAbs have been isolated using several different approaches, including hybridoma, transgenic mice, phage display, yeast display, and single B-cell isolation. Consequently, an increasing number of mAbs, which exhibit high potency against emerging viruses in vitro and in animal models of infection, have been developed. In this paper, we summarize historical trends and recent developments in mAb discovery, compare the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches to mAb production, and discuss the potential use of such strategies for the development of antivirals against emerging diseases. We also review the application of recently developed human mAbs against SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and Ebola virus and discuss prospects for the development of mAbs as therapeutic agents against emerging viral diseases.

关键词： human monoclonal antibodies emerging infectious diseases SARS-CoV MERS-CoV Ebola virus

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Transforming bacterial disease surveillance and investigation using whole-genome sequence to probe the trace

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第1期页码 23-33 doi: 10.1007/s11684-017-0607-7

摘要：

Two decades have passed since the first bacterial whole-genome sequencing, which provides new opportunity for microbial genome. Consequently, considerable genetic diversity encoded by bacterial genomes and among the strains in the same species has been revealed. In recent years, genome sequencing techniques and bioinformatics have developed rapidly, which has resulted in transformation and expedited the application of strategy and methodology for bacterial genome comparison used in dissection of infectious disease epidemics. Bacterial whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatic computing allow genotyping to satisfy the requirements of epidemiological study in disease control. In this review, we outline the significance and summarize the roles of bacterial genome sequencing in the context of bacterial disease control and prevention. We discuss the applications of bacterial genome sequencing in outbreak detection, source tracing, transmission mode discovery, and new epidemic clone identification. Wide applications of genome sequencing and data sharing in infectious disease surveillance networks will considerably promote outbreak detection and early warning to prevent the dissemination of bacterial diseases.

关键词： genome sequencing genomic epidemiology bacteria surveillance infectious diseases

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PulseNet China, a model for future laboratory-based bacterial infectious disease surveillance in China

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第4期页码 366-375 doi: 10.1007/s11684-012-0214-6

摘要：

Surveillance is critical for the prevention and control of infectious disease. China’s real-time web-based infectious disease reporting system is a distinguished achievement. However, many aspects of the current China Infectious Disease Surveillance System do not yet meet the demand for timely outbreak detection and identification of emerging infectious disease. PulseNet, the national molecular typing network for foodborne disease surveillance was first established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the United States in 1995 and has proven valuable in the early detection of outbreaks and tracing the pathogen source. Since 2001, the China CDC laboratory for bacterial pathogen analysis has been a member of the PulseNet International family; and has been adapting the idea and methodology of PulseNet to develop a model for a future national laboratory-based surveillance system for all bacterial infectious disease. We summarized the development progress for the PulseNet China system and discussed it as a model for the future of China’s national laboratory-based surveillance system.

关键词： infectious disease laboratory-based infectious disease surveillance pulse field gel electrophoresis multilocus sequencing typing PulseNet China

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人体微生态与健康

王保红, 姚铭飞, 吕龙贤, 凌宗欣, 李兰娟

《工程（英文）》 2017年第3卷第1期页码 71-82 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2017.01.008

摘要：

数以万亿计的微生物寄生于人体表面和体内，并与人类起演变多种环境因素可影响胃肠道微生的平衡，这些改变与人体健康和疾病密切相关本文重点关注人体微生与宿主之间的相互作用，总体概括微生物在人体基本生命过程中以及主要疾病中起的作用，如感染性疾病肝脏疾病胃肠道肿瘤、代谢疾病呼吸系统疾病精神或心理疾病和自身免疫疾病等。我们还综述了微生物研究相关术的重要进展，如DNA 测序、代谢组学和基于计算生物信息学的蛋白质组学目前对人类微生态的研究已经更加复杂和全面建议研究应更多关注–宿主微生物的相互作用和因果关系，这有助于我们更好地了解肠道微生物在人类健康和疾病中的作用，并为临床实践提供新的治疗靶点和方法。

关键词：微生物健康传染病肝病胃肠道恶性肿瘤代谢紊乱微生物技术益生菌

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Protecting healthcare personnel from 2019-nCoV infection risks: lessons and suggestions

Zhiruo Zhang, Shelan Liu, Mi Xiang, Shijian Li, Dahai Zhao, Chaolin Huang, Saijuan Chen

《医学前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第2期页码 229-231 doi: 10.1007/s11684-020-0765-x

摘要： The outbreak of a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19, caused by the 2019-nCoV infection) in December 2019 is one of the most severe public health emergencies since the founding of People’s Republic of China in 1949. Healthcare personnel (HCP) nationwide are facing heavy workloads and high risk of infection, especially those who care for patients at the epicenter of the outbreak, Hubei Province. Sadly, as of February 20, 2020, over two thousand COVID-19 cases are confirmed among HCP from 476 hospitals nationwide, with nearly 90% of them from Hubei Province. Based on literature search and interviews with some HCP working at Wuhan, capital city of Hubei, we have summarized some of the effective measures taken to reduce infection among HCP, and also made suggestions for improving occupational safety during an infectious disease outbreak. The experience and lessons learned should be a valuable asset for international health community to contain the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic around the world.

关键词： healthcare personnel COVID-19 infectious diseases

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医疗机构中用于控制空气传播传染病的个体患者通风隔离罩 Review

J. Patel, F. McGain, T. Bhatelia, S. Wang, B. Sun, J. Monty, V. Pareek

《工程（英文）》 2022年第15卷第8期页码 126-132 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.12.024

摘要：

作为一种局部排气通风（LEV）系统，个体患者通风（VIP）隔离罩用于将患者的空气排放物与医护人员（HCW）呼吸的空气进行分离，为减少医院获得性感染（HAI）提供了一种新的途径。最近的研究结果表明，对于典型的患者排放的气溶胶，VIP 隔离罩提供的保护与N95 口罩相当。与口罩不同的是，隔离罩的性能可以被很容易地监控，HCW可以通过警报收到故障提醒。适当使用这些相对简单的设备既可以减少感染控制对个人防护设备（PPE）的依赖，又可以为医院和诊所提供低成本、高能效的防护形式。尽管新冠病毒肺炎（COVID-19）加速了VIP 隔离罩的开发和部署，但这些设备目前仍是一项不成熟的技术。本文描述了VIP隔离罩的现状，并确定了需要进一步开发的方面，包括设备设计和相关使用规则。VIP隔离罩的概念可扩展为为个体患者提供清洁的条件和对其他环境因素如温度和湿度进行个性化控制。

关键词：新冠病毒肺炎个体患者通风隔离罩空气传播医护人员传染病

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Toll-like receptors in innate immunity and infectious diseases

Min-Hao WU, Ping ZHANG, Xi HUANG,

《医学前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第4期页码 385-393 doi: 10.1007/s11684-010-0600-x

摘要： The protective ability of host defense system is largely dependent on germ-line encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). These PRRs respond to a variety of exogenous pathogens or endogenous danger signals, by recognizing some highly conserved structures such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger/damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The most studied PRRs are Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Activation of TLRs triggers production of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons (IFNs) via myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent or-independent signaling respectively, thereby modulating innate and adaptive immunity, as well as inflammatory responses. This review introduces the classification, structure, and specific ligands of TLRs, and focuses on their signal pathways and biological activities, as well as clinical relevance. These studies of TLRs in the innate immune system have implications for the prevention and treatment of a variety of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis (TB), microbial keratitis, and hepatitis B and C.

关键词： Toll-like receptors innate immunity infectious disease inflammation

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Passive antibody therapy in emerging infectious diseases

《医学前沿（英文）》 doi: 10.1007/s11684-023-1021-y

摘要： The epidemic of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and its variants of concern (VOCs) has been ongoing for over 3 years. Antibody therapies encompassing convalescent plasma, hyperimmunoglobulin, and neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) applied in passive immunotherapy have yielded positive outcomes and played a crucial role in the early COVID-19 treatment. In this review, the development path, action mechanism, clinical research results, challenges, and safety profile associated with the use of COVID-19 convalescent plasma, hyperimmunoglobulin, and mAbs were summarized. In addition, the prospects of applying antibody therapy against VOCs was assessed, offering insights into the coping strategies for facing new infectious disease outbreaks.

关键词： SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 convalescent plasma hyperimmunoglobulin neutralizing monoclonal antibodies